The Gulag Doctors Geophysics is invaluable to trainees

is invaluable to trainees

and video illustrations

Demonstrating all of Friel's peerless instinct for voice

Preface to the Fourth Edition iv

Drawing on more than forty years of research into primary and secondary sources

The Gulag Doctors Geophysics is invaluable to traineesA pioneering history of medical care in Stalin's Gulagshowing how doctors and nurses cared for inmates in appalling conditions A byword for injustice, suffering, and mass mortality, the Gulag exploited prisoners, compelling them to work harder for better rations in shocking conditions. From 1930 to 1953, eighteen million people passed through this penal industrial empire. Many inmates, not reaching their quotas, succumbed to exhaustion, emaciation,